1. Happy pups all in a row
   Pretty maids all in a row
2. Kitty-cats all in a row
   Lovely lambs all in a row

This is probably a rhyme about Queen Mary I, the daughter of Henry VIII, though others say it is about Mary, Queen of Scots. This would date it to the late 1500s, though it is first found in an official book around 1744 when it appears in "Pretty Song Book."

1. ... said whoa! Hickory dickory dock!
   ... struck two. Hickory dickory dock!
2. ... ran down. What a hilarious clock!
   ... ran down. Hickory dickory dock!

Dating back to 1743, this is probably a song about Oliver Cromwell's hapless son Richard. He was known as "Hickory Dick" and had a rather pitiful career as his father's short-lived successor as Lord Protector. The song is thus about how he didn't take very long to run out the clock on his nine months in power.

1. ... who lives down the lane!
   ... who fell in the drain!
2. ... who flew in a plane!
   ... whose dad comes from Spain!

This song used to be all about wool and the English economy, and ended thus: "And none for the little boy who cries down the lane." The master and the dame are the king and the church, and the little boy is the ordinary worker, thus gets nothing. This was not very child-friendly, hence the more positive ending.

1. This is the dog and the cat and the mouse
   This is the bishop, the priest and the Pope
2. This is the horse and the hound and the horn
   This is the gardner, the butler and mad

This 16th-century rhyme is what is known as a "cumulative tale" when each verse adds another layer. It does not have an agreed melody but is still popular as a rhyme practiced with children, to teach memory and breath control!

1. And he marched them down again!
   And he marched them another way!
2. And he stopped marching them and they all had tea.
   And he marched them through the rain!

This song dates back to the Wars of the Roses and mocks the Duke of York, then Richard III. By referring to him as a duke, it refuses to acknowledge the legitimacy of his reign. Richard made a foolish tactical mistake in giving up the high ground in a battle, which the rhyme commemorates.

1. The little dog
   The spoon
2. The cat
   The fiddle

Originally "High Diddle Diddle," this song dates back to 1765. It is not quite clear what it means, but it is likely the origin of the saying "over the moon" to mean that you are extremely thrilled about something. It is possibly just a nonsense poem designed to be fun.

1. Problem
   Penny
2. Money
   Pussycat

The oldest version of this song has a different lyric, going: "Up and down the City Road, In and out the Eagle." This is probably a reference to the Eagle pub in North London. It may be a song about drinking, but its original meaning is unclear. It included a dance that was popular in Victorian times.

1. This little finger on my hand!
   This little finger on my nose!
2. This little finger on my right!
   This pointy finger on my left!

This song goes back to the 1700s and is part of the Mother Goose collection. There is an older and shorter version in which the singer catches a hare instead of a fish, and the version we all know today is actually collected by an American nursery rhyme expert named Henry Bolton. The original rhyme predates the USA, however, and has always been sung in the UK.

1. His crown
   Jill's head
2. His pail of water
   Jill's foot

This is a rhyme from the famous collection by Mother Goose, and in some older versions, it features two boys, Jack and Gill. The full version includes Jack and Jill picking themselves, dusting themselves off, and getting that water, so it is really a song about persevering!

1. Spider
   Christmas pie
2. Gingerbread man
   Curds and whey

It is believed that this rhyme hails from a Dr. Thoms Muffet, whose daughter was scared of a spider. It has been around since the 16th century but remained not officially published until 1805, when it appeared in "Songs For The Nursery."

1. My great lady
   My good mayor
2. My fair lady
   My fine soldier

Some people say that this is an incredibly macabre song about the burial of children's remains in the foundations of London Bridge. Others say the notion that the bridge may fall down goes back to the Middle Ages. Nobody can say for sure, and the mystery, like the original bridge, is lost to the time.

1. Mama will laugh, and point as you fall!
   Daddy will take Mama to the ball!
2. Down with the cradle, what a big fall!
   Down will come baby, cradle and all!

According to English legend, this song is about a family who lived in a real-life yew tree in the 1700s and genuinely used a branch as a cradle. However, the American origin story is different, suggesting that this may well be nonsense. Either way, we know the more positive ending in which the mother catches the baby is a more modern addition.

1. The farmer, with a cleaver
   The farmer's wife, with her hands
2. The farmer's wife, with a carving knife
   The farmer, with a pitchfork

This song dates back to 1609 and was published by Thomas Ravenscroft, though it is not clear who wrote it. The blind mice are probably three Protestants who were put to death during the religious wars of the Tudor period, known as the Oxford Martyrs.

1. 12
   Six
2. 28
   24

This is another song from Tommy Thumb's "Pretty Song Book," though before there were blackbirds in the pie, there were four-and-twenty naughty boys! "Sing A Song Of Sixpence" also has a dubious connection with some lines in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night," when Sir Toby Belch pays sixpence to get a song.

1. Grandsons
   Cousins
2. Father
   Daughters

This is a song for Easter and refers to the traditional hot cross buns eaten at that time. It appears in "Poor Robin’s Almanack for 1733," but the lyric is a little different. It reads: "Good Friday come this month, the old woman runs, With one or two a penny hot cross buns."

1. Leave them alone and they'll come home, swinging their tails behind them!
   Give them some food, you'll pep up their mood, and leave all their sorrows behind them!
2. Give them a smack, and they will come back, thankful Bo Peep chose to mind them!
   Let them begone, and they'll journey on, leaving their homeland behind them!

There is a mention of Bo Peep in "King Lear" by William Shakespeare, but it's not clear that the song is necessarily old enough to be the origin of the Bard's reference. Little Bo Peep was published around 1810, but it is definitely considerably older than this, most likely being from the 1700s.

1. Like a tickly teddy
   Like a teddy bear
2. Like a brownie
   Like a pixie

The teddy bear did not exist until President Roosevelt inspired its invention, so we know this is a younger song, by comparison to many of the nursery rhymes on our list. It hails back to the 1940s and is accompanied by hand gestures and a very rascally attempt to tickle the person to whom it is sung!

1. Kissed the girls
   Made the girls cry
2. Ran away
   Kissed the boys

This is a scathing song about the Duke of Buckingham, George Villiers, whose affairs with powerful women caused him all sorts of problems once their husbands found out. He eventually got on the wrong side of Parliament and was thus chased out of his position of influence.

1. Fat
   Lean
2. Booze
   Greens

This song is believed to refer to Charles I, who could not get any "fat" (i.e., money) from his Parliament to go to war with Spain. His wife forced through a war tax, and thus the two of them were deemed to have "licked the platter clean." However, other versions of the origin story that refer to Richard the Lionheart.

1. This old man thinks he's Saint Joan.
   This old man came rolling home.
2. This old man just fell down prone.
   This old man is on the phone.

It is likely that this song, published in 1906, is considerably older. Its lyrics referring to hitting the Irish (the "paddywhack" part) may go back to the Irish potato famine when itinerant Irish would risk being beaten as they moved around trying to make enough money to get by. "Rolling home" may also refer to coming back drunk from the pub!

1. On a cold and frosty morning
   On a crisp and windy morning
2. On a fine and dandy evening
   On a cool and pleasant evening

This is most likely a song about female prisoners at Wakefield Prison. They were forced to run round and round the mulberry bush in the prison yard to get exercise, even in "cold and frosty" weather. It sounds less fun once you know the origin!

1. Get those monkeys back upon the bed!
   Don't let monkeys jump upon your bed!
2. Now, Mama, please call a vet instead!
   No more monkeys jumping on the bed!

There is no clear origin to this song, which remains popular due to being a great teaching tool. There are accompanying gestures that help children to learn their numbers as the verses count down the monkeys. There is also a handy warning about not jumping on the bed!

1. He's in the barn, having a nap.
   He's in the hayloft, counting sheep.
2. He's in the cellar, cleaning the floor.
   He's under a haystack, fast asleep.

This song comes from Tommy Thumb's collection, "The Little Song Book." It is similar to "Little Bo Peep," and is likely not about sheep. It's probably political and may be instead a scathing reference to Cardinal Wolsey.

1. Another day!
   On Saturday!
2. When Chelsea play!
   Some sunny day!

This song probably dates to the Tudor period, when the Spanish Armada set out to attack and conquer England but was thwarted by bad weather. The fleet was destroyed and the English monarch, Elizabeth I, survived. It is unclear who the hypothetical speaker is, as the rain certainly favoured the English.

1. We'll turn it off.
   We'll eat scones.
2. We'll all have tea.
   We'll make bread.

This rhyme dates to 1797 and is probably about a family in which the girls would regularly find the boys taking over the space they shared to play. Polly, one of the daughters, would put on the kettle to trick the boys into thinking it was teatime. In the second verse, sister Sukie takes the kettle off. The girls have merely tricked the boys into giving up the playroom to their game instead!

1. What have you got there?
   May I have a share?
2. That looks great, I swear!
   Let me taste your ware.

We do not know how Simple Simon came about, though the character appears in more than just this rhyme. In 1865 there was a book about a Simple Simon who undergoes all sorts of disasters. The character is older, however, as there is a collection of poems from 1764 that contains the original rhyme.

1. His Christmas pie
   His curds and whey
2. His healthy snack
   His plums and cherries

This song is believed to be a satire on a poet of the early 1700s, Ambrose Philips. He made a living writing cutesy verse for the children of the wealthy, so this poem makes fun of that sort of writing. However, Jack Horner is a character from an earlier fairy tale, so the origin is somewhat unclear.

1. And they all put the sixpence in a crooking banking house.
   And he met a crooked lady in a crooked cotton blouse.
2. And they all found some treasure buried 'neath a crooked dowse.
   And they all lived together in a little crooked house.

The "crooked man" is likely a reference to Sir Alexander Leslie, who was a Scottish lord who negotiated a semi-autonomous situation for Scotland during the reign of King Charles I. The "stile" is the border of Scotland and England, where tension ran high at that time.

1. Up to London to visit the Queen
   Down to Winchester to see the bishop
2. Up the Nile to see the Pharaoh
   Through the wind to see the witch

This song has a charming origin story. It is about how Queen Elizabeth was once startled by a cat that belonged to one of her ladies-in-waiting. The owner had not controlled the cat well, and it got into the throne room and surprised the Queen. Elizabeth forgave it for making her jump and bestowed upon it permission to roam the castle, keeping the number of mice down.

1. Braces
   Garters
2. Trousers
   Socks

It is not known where this song came from, but it is unusual that it refers to "my son John." Most nursery rhymes refer to "Jack" instead of John, as this was a more common nickname for younger boys of that name. The song is believed to be just a cute nonsense poem popular in the nursery!

1. Ten for the Ten Commandments
   Twelve drummers drumming
2. Thirteen for the Thirteenth Guest
   Twelve for the Twelve Apostles

This song is equal parts nursery rhyme and Christmas carol, due to its 12 parts. It is a cumulative tale, meaning each verse gets longer, and the proper way to sing it is to tackle each verse in a single breath. The song is probably around 400 years old, and a few versions appear around the UK.

1. Wardour Street
   Shaftesbury Avenue
2. Drury Lane
   Ordnance Hill

This song dates to 1820 and refers to the practice of delivering baked goods in the morning to those residences that could not afford their own ovens. This meant that the muffin man was wise to live on Drury Lane, which was full of poor people who would want his services. It is now among the most exclusive streets in London.

1. How will he live without loving life?
   How will he have peace with such trouble and strife?
2. How shall he marry without any wife?
   How will he be a husband if he can't find a wife?

"Little Tommy Tucker" was a generic way of referring to an orphan. It was hard for such children to grow up into marriageable men as they did not have good families or any money. This song dates to 1829 and is a harsh commentary on the unfairness of the time.

1. Here comes a candle to light you to bed.
   Chip chop chip chop, the last man's dead!
2. Here comes a chopper to chop off your head.
   I do not know, says the great bell at Bow.

This song references the great churches of London, and some say it is about the beheadings that befell two of Henry VIII's wives. It appears in the "Pretty Song Book" by Tommy Thumb, but it is certainly older than this. Some of the churches have been changed over the years, and the song remains somewhat mysterious.

1. Ice it with rainbows for Mary to see.
   Cook the cake nicely for mother and me.
2. Put it in the oven for baby and me.
   Cut it and serve it, we'll have it for tea!

This song appears in "Mother Goose's Melody" in 1765 with the line "mark it with a T ... ", but it was around in the 1690s. It's possibly about how families did not always have an oven and had to use a communal one, which would be owned by a baker. The "B" or "T" would mark the cake for the family who made the dough.